V\u00e0o m\u1ed7i d\u1ecbp Gi\u00e1ng sinh, khi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb ngoan ngo\u00e3n h\u00e1o h\u1ee9c ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u00f4ng gi\u00e0 Noel mang \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb ngh\u1ecbch ng\u1ee3m l\u1ea1i g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n "qu\u00e0" \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c than. Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n gian ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng (ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f4i khi nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc) v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u01b0 x\u1eed t\u1ed1t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00edt ai d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129: c\u1ee5c than \u0111en \u0111\u1ee7i \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u? N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u00e1y m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u0129 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 "ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c" c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean than Gi\u00e1ng sinh n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a than \u0111\u00e1, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n
Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng gi\u00e0 Noel t\u1eb7ng than cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb h\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee5c than \u0111en, b\u1ea9n th\u1ec9u v\u00e0 v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng (\u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb) tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i s\u1eb7c s\u1ee1, ng\u1ecdt ng\u00e0o, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a "m\u00f3n qu\u00e0" n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c: h\u00e0nh vi sai tr\u00e1i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3, d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng.<\/p>\n
Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c than \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh ngh\u00e8o. Than \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u01b0\u1edfi \u1ea5m, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u than (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i qu\u00e0) l\u1ea1i g\u1ee3i l\u00ean h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1ng so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i. \u1ede m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, nh\u01b0 \u1edf \u00dd, nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt Befana (m\u1ed9t ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y t\u1ed1t b\u1ee5ng t\u1eb7ng qu\u00e0 v\u00e0o L\u1ec5 Hi\u1ec3n Linh) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i than (ho\u1eb7c k\u1eb9o than \u0111en) cho tr\u1ebb em h\u01b0. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi \u0111e d\u1ecda hay m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ee5c than Gi\u00e1ng sinh lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean than Gi\u00e1ng sinh, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: than \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Than \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1 tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu bao g\u1ed3m carbon, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 hydro, l\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh, oxy v\u00e0 nit\u01a1. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i qua h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/p>\n
H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh than \u0111\u00e1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong K\u1ef7 Than \u0111\u00e1 (Carboniferous Period), c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 359 \u0111\u1ebfn 299 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3, Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khu r\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c. Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u1ea5m \u00e1p, \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd: nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ec9 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3, c\u00e2y h\u1ea1t tr\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c. Khi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2y n\u00e0y ch\u1ebft \u0111i, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n do m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng y\u1ebfm kh\u00ed (thi\u1ebfu oxy) d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang t\u00edch t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng l\u1edbp d\u00e0y, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh than.<\/p>\n
Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 th\u00e0nh than \u0111\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e1p su\u1ea5t, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc:<\/p>\n
Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 1: T\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh than b\u00f9n (Peat)<\/strong> Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2: T\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh than non (Lignite)<\/strong> Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 3: T\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh than \u00e1 bitum (Sub-bituminous) v\u00e0 than bitum (Bituminous)<\/strong> Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 4: T\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh than antraxit (Anthracite)<\/strong> B\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i than \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang:<\/p>\n Sau h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp than \u0111\u00e1 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1ecf than tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng than \u0111\u00e1 l\u1edbn bao g\u1ed3m Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Hoa K\u1ef3, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, \u00dac v\u00e0 Nga. Nh\u1eefng "vi\u00ean than Gi\u00e1ng sinh" m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c nh\u1ecf hay m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng m\u1ecf than n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c than \u0111\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n Khi than \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c t\u1eeb m\u1ecf, n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee5c l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u1ec1n n\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u00f9y theo m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c than \u0111en, th\u00f4 r\u00e1p, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh than bitum th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y ra t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m m\u00e9t d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u01a1i n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m y\u00ean trong h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u2013 ho\u1eb7c trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0o \u0111\u00eam Gi\u00e1ng sinh.<\/p>\n Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, khi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch, \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a than \u0111\u00e1 c\u0169ng \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Than \u0111\u00e1, t\u1eebng l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y \u0111ang d\u1ea7n b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi cho bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee5c than Gi\u00e1ng sinh.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1ee5c than t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 "kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n" v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i hay \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1ecdt. Ng\u00e0y nay, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n: m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong h\u00e0nh vi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u00e0nh tinh. M\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c than, d\u00f9 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. D\u00f9 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc cho tr\u1ebb em, bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i l\u00ean suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh tinh.<\/p>\n T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng khu r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, qua h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng m\u1ecf than \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai th\u00e1c, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft Gi\u00e1ng sinh \u2013 c\u1ee5c than \u0111en \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 h\u00f9ng v\u0129. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng cho s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1eeb v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n V\u1eady l\u00e0, "vi\u00ean than Gi\u00e1ng sinh" kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh gh\u00e9p c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, mang theo c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng khu r\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 qua, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9. Khi b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c than, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 trong l\u00f2 s\u01b0\u1edfi hay trong c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u00edch, h\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e1 \u0111en, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho t\u00e0ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. V\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta trong m\u1ed7i m\u00f9a Gi\u00e1ng sinh.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" V\u00e0o m\u1ed7i d\u1ecbp Gi\u00e1ng sinh, khi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb ngoan ngo\u00e3n h\u00e1o h\u1ee9c ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u00f4ng gi\u00e0 Noel mang \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb ngh\u1ecbch ng\u1ee3m l\u1ea1i g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n "qu\u00e0" \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5c than. Bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":199912,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3872],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-225795","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-vi","prodpage-classic"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.crystalclutch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/225795","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.crystalclutch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.crystalclutch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.crystalclutch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.crystalclutch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=225795"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.crystalclutch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/225795\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.crystalclutch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/199912"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.crystalclutch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=225795"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.crystalclutch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=225795"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.crystalclutch.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=225795"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nKhi th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y, ch\u00fang ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb v\u00f9i l\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp n\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng y\u1ebfm kh\u00ed, vi khu\u1ea9n ph\u00e2n h\u1ee7y v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t x\u1ed1p, m\u00e0u n\u00e2u s\u1eabm g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 than b\u00f9n (peat). Than b\u00f9n c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc cao v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh than \u0111\u00e1. C\u00e1c m\u1ecf than b\u00f9n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\nKhi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp than b\u00f9n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb v\u00f9i l\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1edbp tr\u1ea7m t\u00edch m\u1edbi (nh\u01b0 c\u00e1t, b\u00f9n, \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e9t), \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng l\u00ean. D\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u00e1p su\u1ea5t, n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t bay h\u01a1i b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y ra ngo\u00e0i, l\u00e0m cho v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb7c l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ee9ng h\u01a1n. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y bi\u1ebfn than b\u00f9n th\u00e0nh than non (lignite) \u2013 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i than c\u00f3 m\u00e0u n\u00e2u \u0111en, m\u1ec1m, ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 25-35% carbon nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t tr\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\nV\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i s\u00e2u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f9ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n trong h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, than non ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon t\u0103ng l\u00ean, trong khi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t bay h\u01a1i gi\u1ea3m \u0111i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh than \u00e1 bitum (sub-bituminous coal), c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111en h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t tr\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n than non. Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, than \u00e1 bitum s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh than bitum (bituminous coal). Than bitum l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i than ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t, c\u1ee9ng h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111en b\u00f3ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon cao h\u01a1n (kho\u1ea3ng 45-86%). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i than \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
\n\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 cao c\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh than \u0111\u00e1. Than antraxit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh khi than bitum ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c cao, th\u01b0\u1eddng do c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u01b0 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o n\u00fai ho\u1eb7c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00fai l\u1eeda. Than antraxit l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i than c\u1ee9ng nh\u1ea5t, \u0111en nh\u1ea5t, b\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon cao nh\u1ea5t (tr\u00ean 86%, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 98%). N\u00f3 ch\u00e1y s\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n v\u1edbi \u00edt kh\u00f3i v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t tr\u1ecb cao nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 khai th\u00e1c h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n
\n \nLo\u1ea1i Than<\/th>\n H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Carbon (\u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng)<\/th>\n Nhi\u1ec7t tr\u1ecb (so v\u1edbi than bitum)<\/th>\n \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh<\/th>\n Th\u1eddi gian h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh\/\u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n \n Than B\u00f9n<\/td>\n < 25%<\/td>\n R\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p<\/td>\n X\u1ed1p, nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0u n\u00e2u<\/td>\n \u0110\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y, y\u1ebfm kh\u00ed, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Than Non (Lignite)<\/td>\n 25-35%<\/td>\n Th\u1ea5p (0.3-0.5)<\/td>\n M\u1ec1m, m\u00e0u n\u00e2u \u0111en, \u00edt n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u01a1n than b\u00f9n<\/td>\n Ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i n\u00f4ng, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t\/nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Than \u00c1 Bitum<\/td>\n 35-45%<\/td>\n Trung b\u00ecnh (0.5-0.7)<\/td>\n \u0110en, c\u1ee9ng h\u01a1n than non, d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u<\/td>\n Ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i s\u00e2u h\u01a1n, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t\/nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao h\u01a1n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Than Bitum<\/td>\n 45-86%<\/td>\n Cao (1.0)<\/td>\n \u0110en b\u00f3ng, c\u1ee9ng, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t, d\u00f9ng cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/td>\n Ch\u00f4n v\u00f9i s\u00e2u, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t\/nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Than Antraxit<\/td>\n > 86%<\/td>\n R\u1ea5t cao (>1.0)<\/td>\n R\u1ea5t c\u1ee9ng, \u0111en b\u00f3ng, ch\u00e1y s\u1ea1ch, hi\u1ebfm<\/td>\n \u00c1p su\u1ea5t\/nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c cao, ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n 4. M\u1ecf Than V\u00e0 Khai Th\u00e1c: N\u01a1i "Vi\u00ean Than Gi\u00e1ng Sinh" \u0110\u1ebfn T\u1eeb \u0110\u00e2u?<\/h3>\n
\n
5. \u00dd Ngh\u0129a C\u1ee7a Vi\u00ean Than Gi\u00e1ng Sinh Trong B\u1ed1i C\u1ea3nh Hi\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea1i<\/h3>\n